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What is Ground Investigation? An Educational Guide for Developer



Extensive range of Ground Investigation services

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Common Ground Investigation Techniques 

Ground investigation is not a single process, but instead it involves a wide range of methods depending on site conditions, risks, and project size. Some of the most widely used techniques in ground investigation include: 

  • Cable Percussive Boreholes 
  • Window Sample Drilling 
  • Rock Coring 
  • Rotary Boreholes 
  • Rotary Core Drilling 
  • Dynamic Probing 
  • Trial Pitting 
  • Soakaway Testing 
  • Plate Bearing testing 
  • California Bearing Ratio (CBR) Testing 

Learn more about our Ground Investigation Services and see how we can support your project from start to finish. 

What Problems Can Ground Investigations Identify? 

A thorough investigation often highlights risks that would otherwise remain hidden until construction starts. These can include: 

  • Contaminated land from historic industrial use or landfills. 
  • Weak or compressible soils are unable to bear structural loads. 
  • Groundwater flooding or perched water tables. 
  • Mine workings, voids, or sinkholes in former coalfield areas. 
  • Radon and methane gases pose health and safety risks. 
  • Unstable slopes leading to landslides or ground movement. 

Identifying these issues early allows engineers to adapt designs, select appropriate foundations, or implement remediation strategies before construction begins, ultimately preventing costly additions. 

Health & Safety and Best Practice Standards 

All ground investigations must also comply with strict health and safety protocols. This includes site-specific method statements, risk assessments, and, where necessary, utility tracing to ensure safe drilling and excavation. These precautions are just as essential as the technical data itself, as without them, they would not protect workers, the public, and the environment. 

How Ground Investigations Support Planning and Design 

In many cases, planning authorities will require ground investigations as part of the approval process. Without their permission, it may be delayed or refused. A well-prepared investigation report can therefore speed up planning applications and avoid costly back-and-forth with regulators. 

By providing robust data, investigations save time, reduce uncertainty, and ensure projects are safe, cost-efficient, and on time. 



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Phase 1 Desk Study For Planning Permission

Phase 1 Desk Study For Planning Permission

Do you need a Phase 1 Desk Study For Planning Permission?

A Phase 1 Desk Study is generally required by your Local Planning Authority as part of any initial application for a change of land use or development of a site.

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What is a Plate Bearing Test?

What is a Plate Bearing Test?

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Earth Environmental & Geotechnical’s Bath Office

All in a weeks work for Earth Environmental & Geotechnical’s Bath Office

Earth Environmental and Geotechnical South West Office

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Environmental & Geotechnical Work Experience

Environmental & Geotechnical Work Experience

Earth Environmental and Geotechnical South West Office

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Government Funds for Brownfield Sites


Brownfield Funds Available for New Homes on Derelict Sites.





Brownfield Fund for Councils

Government Funds for Brownfield Sites


If you are a local authority looking to develop a derelict brownfield site we can help.

At Earth Environmental & Geotechnical we have extensive experience producing design solutions for successful brownfield land assessment and pragmatic remediation designs.
We provide an extensive range of services to assess the viability of development on Brownfield sites including:

Our Site Investigation Services are an essential step in understanding your development site and ground conditions.



Assessing viability for development of brownfield land

Understanding site viability is the first step when considering developing a brownfield site.
Toxic pollution from waste materials, industrial processes and chemical or fuel storage can leave residues for many years in both the underlying soils and groundwater.

Any contamination that currently exists on the site must be dealt with following the proper procedures. Our experienced team have worked at board level within several consultancy and remediation practices and have advised many local authorities, house builders, landowners, solicitors, and property consultants at any early stage in the site acquisition process on potential liabilities and development constraints.

If the land you are proposing to build on was used for industry in the past, it could contain contaminants, including:

  • Asbestos
  • Lead
  • Fuel such as diesel or petrol
  • Other chemicals

There could be substantial punitive costs for the disposal of contaminated soils, if not identified and managed at an early stage in the development process. Other factors all need to be considered including air quality, noise, impact of the development on drainage and surface water drainage.

The investigation, assessment and remediation of contaminated land requires an understanding of many different specialist disciplines that allow for a comprehensive and pragmatic development to proceed. These disciplines include geology, hydrogeology, toxicology, risk assessment, soil mechanics and of course an appreciation of the limitations of our understanding of the science and empirical modelling behind the derivation of soil guideline values and risk based remedial targets.

Many brownfield sites are located in convenient positions, providing much of the infrastructure needed for new homes, such as transport and utilities. Brownfield sites with detailed remediation designs can provide excellent opportunities to deliver aspirational programme of regeneration to meet the demand for new housing, and provide social and genuinely affordable homes while creating sustainable and attractive neighbourhoods.”

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Site Investigations and Remediation Strategy


Site Investigation and Remediation Strategy

Our Services





Site Investigation Services

We undertake all aspects of site investigation services for an extensive range of clients; from initial soil analysis and feasibility/pre-purchase assessment, phase 1 desk study, flood risk assessments, contaminated land, slope stability, and basement impact to name a few….

The scope of the investigations and techniques used will depend on a range of factors including:

  • The prior use of the site
  • Anticipated geology and subsurface structures
  • The proposed development design and function
  • Known history of the site and the surroundings
  • If the site is in a coal mining area
  • If the site is in a flood zone

Our Site Investigation Services are an essential step in understanding your development site and ground conditions.





More Information on Site Investigation Services.

What Is the Site Investigation Process?

Site investigations are carried out with a phased approach

  • Phase 1 Desk Study
  • Phase 2 Intrusive Site Investigation
  • Phase 3 Post Site Investigations
  • Phase 4 Site Investigations Report

Step 1  – Complete the Phase I Desk Study and site walkover.

A Phase 1 Desk Study is a preliminary risk assessment report for a development site, often required for planning application approval.
Ideally, a Desk Study should also be accompanied by a walk over a survey conducted by an experienced practitioner. By compiling available information in relation to a site’s environmental, geological, hydrogeological, hydrological and mining setting, a cost-effective and focussed site investigation will be developed.

A Phase 1 Desk Study should always precede any ground investigation.Using the interpretive report to highlight potential development issues, environmental and cost liabilities requiring further investigation.

Step 2 – Phase 2 Intrusive Site Investigation

A Phase 2 assessment consists of an Intrusive Site investigation with quantitative risk assessment. The Phase 1 Desk Study will highlight the areas for further investigation and define the scope of these works. Any potential pollutant linkages can then be prioritised for investigation and depending on the Phase 1 Desk study report the appropriate investigation techniques utilised.

Site Investigation Intrusive Techniques Examples:
  • Cable Percussive Boreholes
  • Window Sample Drilling
  • Deep Window Sample Borehole
  • Rock Coring
  • Rotary Boreholes
  • Rotary Core Drilling
  • Dynamic Probing
  • Trial Pits
  • Trenches
  • Windowless Sampling Rig
  • Soakaway Testing
  • Modular windowless sampling drilling rig
  • Plate bearing testing
  • California bearing ratio (CBR) testing

Step 3 – Post Site Investigations

Once the preliminary site investigations have been completed the results are analysed. If further site investigations are required these can be completed by our multi-disciplined team. These could include:

  • Environmental Monitoring
  • Soil Testing
  • Geotechnical Monitoring
  • Slope Stability Assessment
  • Radon Monitoring
  • Remediation Designs
  • Gas protection measures.

Step 4 – Site Investigation Report

An interpretive report will then be compiled from all the information and data gathered from the ground investigations, testing, monitoring for the site.

Our Earth Environmental & Geotechnical consultants can discuss the details of the report and provide further services as required

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Site Investigation Services



Site Investigation Services

We have been working on some exciting projects







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Flood risk assessments if you’re applying for planning permission

Flood Risk Assessments if You’re Applying for Planning Permission

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What Is Rotary Drilling?







Frequently Asked Questions

What happens after the Site Investigation ?

An interpretive report will be compiled from all the information and data gathered from the ground investigations, testing, monitoring for the site. Our Earth Environmental & Geotechnical consultants can discuss the details of the report and provide further services as required including:

Remediation Design
Foundation Design
SuDS – Surface water drainage strategy
Earthwork Modelling Services

Earth Environmental & Geotechnical have been involved in Environmental & Geotechnical  ground investigations for a wide range of developments click here for more information

Contact us now to discuss your development

All site investigations are conducted in accordance with strict and well defined health and safety practices with site specific method statements and risk assessments provided. Prior to commencement on site service (gas sewers, electricity etc.) information is acquired from the client (or its agents) with utility tracing conducted, if required.

Why do I need a Site Investigation?

Construction projects are frequently delayed by adverse site conditions or unexpected ground conditions. Conducting detailed Site Investigation / Ground Investigations can save you time and money.

Site Investigation Services enable you to have a detailed understanding of the ground conditions of your site.  For a development to be successful you need to know exactly what you are building on and have a strategy to reduce the risks.

Many site investigations are conducted to discharge planning conditions and our staff always ensure, time permitting, that prior to delivery of a costed proposal an outline of the proposed works are initially discussed with the regulatory authorities.

So you may not get planning permission approved if you do not complete the correct site investigations and meet the planning conditions.

At Earth Environmental & Geotechnical our team have extensive experience in the design of geotechnical, mining and environmental site investigations in accordance with current best technical practices and planning guidance.

The team are able to manage geotechnical and geo-environmental investigations for the most demanding of sites. Our multi-disciplined regional offices include engineers, geologists, environmental scientists, drillers and technicians who are experienced in all aspects of ground investigation and remediation works.

If you are considering purchasing a site or property for development, or own land you plan to develop please contact Earth Environmental & Geotechnical to discuss our services and how we can help
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